Fragmentation and unity: Democracy in Tonga’s context

Editor,

Those who advocate for reducing the monarchy's power should recognize that every nation carries a unique political history and corresponding political theology, shaping its governance and societal values. In Tonga, the foundation of the modern monarchy is deeply intertwined with its political theology, significantly influenced by the Wesleyan Church. This connection is reflected in many Wesleyan hymns, which often invoke divine protection for the king and the monarchy.

For example, Wesleyan hymn number 390, verse 3, encapsulates this union of faith and governance:

“Tuku hono ngaahi filii, Ke movetevete pee: Tuku enau ngaahi tu'utu'unii, Ke liliu Ke Vale pee, ‘E Sihova, ‘e Sihova Me’a mai emau punou Keke Tali Emau Lotu, O Malu’i ‘a Tupou.”

Translated:

"Let his enemies be disunited, Let their decisions change to follies, O Jehovah, here we bow, Answer our prayer, Protect the King (Tupou)."

This hymn reflects the church's commitment to the monarchy as well as the monarchy’s historical role in preserving Tonga’s social order and stability. Political theology—the intersection of religious beliefs and political governance—is evident in Tonga, where the monarchy is viewed as divinely sanctioned and central to national stability.

Fragmentation in pro-democracy movement

Tonga's pro-democracy movement, initially a unified force calling for greater representation and reform, has struggled with internal divisions. Founders like Akilisi Pohiva, Uili Fukofuka, Teisina Fuko, and Isileli Pulu laid the groundwork for democratic aspirations. However, over time, Fukofuka, Fuko, and Pulu distanced themselves from the movement, citing disillusionment with its direction and unresolved conflicts.

The movement’s fragmentation became more apparent in Akilisi Pohiva’s strained alliances with prominent scholars like Professor Futa Helu of Atenisi University. These early collaborations deteriorated, reflecting the difficulty of sustaining a cohesive vision.

Following Pohiva’s death, internal disputes escalated, particularly between his children and other members of the movement. These conflicts underscore the movement’s inability to present a unified front, raising questions about its capacity to offer a viable alternative to the monarchy.

Shift in religious leadership

Religious leaders, once key supporters of the pro-democracy movement, have also shifted their positions. Dr. Sione Amanaki Havea, a former president of the Wesleyan Church, was a vocal advocate for democratic reform. However, his son, Dr. Tevita Havea, the current president, is a staunch opponent of the pro-democracy movement. This generational divergence highlights the movement’s declining support among influential religious figures, further complicating its efforts to gain traction.

Democracy without the Monarchy: lessons from division

The pro-democracy movement’s internal struggles serve as a cautionary tale about the risks of entering a democratic system without mechanisms to ensure unity. Tonga’s divisions parallel those seen in the United States, where partisan conflicts between Democrats and Republicans threaten the stability of its democracy.

In the U.S., polarization manifests in gridlocked legislation, ideological divides over fundamental issues like healthcare, abortion, and climate change, and increasing distrust in democratic institutions. The January 6 Capitol riots in 2021 exemplify how stark divisions can escalate into societal unrest, undermining the very foundations of democracy.

If a nation like the U.S., with centuries of democratic practice, grapples with these challenges, Tonga may face even greater risks. The absence of the monarchy’s unifying role could deepen societal divides, as the pro-democracy movement has already demonstrated its difficulty in maintaining coherence and collaboration.

Path forward for Tonga

For democracy to succeed in Tonga, its proponents must address the foundational issue of unity. Efforts to replace the monarchy must consider the cultural, religious, and historical fabric that holds the nation together. Democracy cannot thrive in a fractured environment, as seen in the ongoing polarization within the U.S.

Tonga’s unique context demands a governance model that respects its traditions while accommodating aspirations for representation and reform. Without this balance, the nation risks further fragmentation, jeopardizing its social order and long-term stability.

Seni Penitani
(Nomuka)